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                        "title": "Pobie Bank Reef Still Imagery Analysis 0923S",
                        "description": "Project Aims\nJNCC wishes to commission a contract to undertake the analysis of seabed still imagery collected on the 0923S survey from a drop-frame camera. Seabed imagery will be analysed using the image annotation software BIIGLE. During 0923S imagery data was collected for both MPA monitoring, and ground truthing purposes. \nThe total number of sampled drop camera monitoring stations was 97 and the total number of images after filtering to ensure 40 good quality images per station is 3,880. Analysis of 10 groundtruthing stations with 383 images is to be included as a costed extra only, however the total cost including costed extras must not exceed the stated value of the contract.\nMore detailed metadata will be provided including information from logs and the survey report. Representative images from each station from the 0923S survey are shown in Annex C, and the successful contractor will be provided with access to the 2023 BIIGLE project, the annotated 2023 PBR video imagery and the 2020 PBR seabed imagery to aid with identification.\n3.\tProject Background\nJNCC and Marine Directorate (MD) conducted a survey aboard MRV Scotia (0923S) in 2023 to gather evidence to monitor Pobie Bank Reef SAC (PBR) (Figure 1) and inform assessment of the extent and condition of the designated features of the site. This is the second monitoring survey in a repeat timeseries at PBR, three years after the first survey in 2020, and aims to generate comparable results to make long-term conclusions about the condition of the site.\nPBR is located in the North Sea approximately 20 km east of the Shetland Islands. The site has an area of 966 km2 and a depth ranging of 70 m to 100 m. The designated features of PBR are listed in Table 1.  More information on PBR can be found in the JNCC SIC https://jncc.gov.uk/our-work/pobie-bank-reef-mpa/.\nTable 1: Designated features of Pobie Bank Reef SAC.\nFeature\tFeature Type\n1170 Reefs\nAnnex I Habitat\n•\tProduce a final analysis report including, at a minimum, sections detailing the methodology, results , and details of all QA work undertaken with any remedial action deemed necessary. The report should be no longer than 15,000 words including all tables and appendices and be provided electronically via email as a Microsoft Word document and PDF.\n•\tProvide substrate and taxonomic image reference collections for each substrate type and taxon identified from imagery.\n•\t(Costed extra) Undertake the analysis as set out for the monitoring stations for an additional 383 still images from the 10 groundtruthing stations.\n•\t(Costed extra) Create a subset of 100 still images annotated in a way suitable to act as training data for artificial intelligence model training as described below\nSome information, where specified, may be recorded directly into the proformas provided. The majority will be recorded first into BIIGLE and then used to populate the proforma. No analysis additional to what is described in this document is required. Any deviation from this methodology should be approved in writing by the project officer.\n4.1 Stills Processing\nStills should be analysed in BIIGLE using the label trees shown in Table 2. Annotations should be added to stills as either tier 1 or tier 2 labels depending on the label tree used. Optionally tier 1 labels may be added directly into the proforma instead of being applied to still images, where this is done it must be consistent (i.e. there should not be a mixture of BIIGLE annotations and proforma entries for JNCC image quality). More details on the still annotation types and how they should be applied are provided in Appendix A.\nStills will be analysed to extract the following information:\n1.\tEach still will be assigned an Image quality using labels from two label trees. If a still image is given a score of zero (NMBAQC equivalent), no further analysis should be carried out for that image and the contractor should alert JNCC to replace the image with one of suitable quality:\na.\tJNCC image quality, a summary of these labels is shown in Table 3.\nb.\tNMBAQC image quality, a summary of these scores is shown in Table 4 and described in more detail in section 3.1 of Turner et al (2016).\n2.\tAnnotate each still using the Biota  label tree. This tree is pre-populated with a list of taxa identified in 2020 and new species should be added. For each still image, taxa should be identified and quantified  using the standardised approach  detailed in Appendix B. Where a previously unidentified taxon is observed, the following approaches should be used:\na.\tSolitary and/or erect epifaunal species present (to the lowest taxonomic level for which identification can be guaranteed) using counts (achieved by using the point annotation tool within BIIGLE).\nb.\tColonial and/or encrusting epifaunal species present as far as possible (to the lowest taxonomic level for which identification can be guaranteed) using percentage cover (achieved by using the polygon, magic wand, magic SAM or brush tools within BIIGLE).\nc.\tSpecial cases, such as where a taxon is present in high densities (i.e. Ophiothrix fragilis, Caryophyllia smithii, faunal turf), may be recorded directly into the tier 1 spreadsheet as an estimate of count, or estimate of percentage cover to the nearest 0.5%. These cases are identified in Appendix B.\n3.\tUse laser points label tree to annotate lasers and calculate image area in BIIGLE. Analysts are not to use the automated laser detection tool in BIIGLE.\n4.\tIdentify evidence of anthropogenic impacts on the seabed: \na.\tUse the litter label tree to record the presence of litter using the categories listed in Annex 5.1 of the Joint Research Centres Guidance on Monitoring of Marine Litter in European Seas .\nb.\tUse the Anthropogenic label tree to annotate trawl marks or anthropogenic impacts other than litter. This will not be a complete label tree and new labels may need to be added to the label tree.\n5.\tUse the substrate label tree to record the substrate types present to the nearest 0.5 percent directly to the proforma\na.\t10 x 10 superimposed grids should be used to aid estimates of percentage cover\n6.\tAny comments from the analyst which are considered of importance can be recorded in the spreadsheet\nA reference collection of representative images must be provided for each Biota label and Substrate identified. \nTable 3. JNCC image quality categories\n•\tImagery quality level\t•\tDescription\n•\tFauna\t•\tMost fauna can be identified (e.g. including smaller taxa such as brittlestars etc.)\n•\tConspicuous fauna\t•\tLarge and conspicuous fauna can be identified (e.g. sponges, soft corals etc.)\n•\tSubstrate\t•\tThe substrate type can be identified, but the fauna cannot (e.g. the water column is obscured / the camera is too high off the seabed)\n•\tZero\t•\tNo visibility of the seabed, substrate cannot be reliably identified. \n4.2\tQuality Assurance\nFollowing award of the contract, and dependent on the evaluation scores they achieve, unsuccessful bidders may be invited to undertake the independent external QA aspects of this project. Please indicate in your tender if you do not wish to be considered for this work.    \nNote external QA analysis may be undertaken at same time as primary analysis if preferred by successful contractor and suitable process is agreed with JNCC at start-up meeting.\n4.2.1 Internal Quality Assurance process for image analysis\nA minimum of 10% of still images analysed are to be subject to an internal QA process.\n4.2.2 External Quality Assurance process for image analysis\nA separate contract will be run by JNCC for the external QA process. It will be conducted as described in this section.\n10% of still images analysed are to be subject to an independent external QA process.\nThe following steps will be adhered to:\n•\tStill images to be quality assured will be selected by JNCC; \n•\tThe auditing analysts receive the imagery data from JNCC;\n•\tThe auditing analysts complete the still image analysis for selected images as described in section 4.1 and complete the auditing analyst section of the comparison proforma;\n•\tThe comparison proforma is sent to JNCC and original analysts;\n•\tThe original analysts fully complete the partially filled JNCC image analysis comparison proforma; \n•\tJNCC, the original and the auditing analysts meet to resolve any discrepancies in taxa identification and enumeration to the satisfaction of all parties.\nAny remedial action required following the QA process must be completed by the original analysts within an agreed timeframe at no extra cost to the project.  \nIt is the responsibility of the successful contractor to ensure this process is completed before the final delivery of the dataset. All remedial action taken, and associated rationale, are to be agreed with JNCC before being implemented, recorded and provided as outputs of this contract.  All remedial action taken and associated rationale are to be recorded and provided as outputs of this contract. The contract shall not be deemed complete until this external Quality Assurance step has been completed successfully.",
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                                "description": "You are invited by JNCC Support Co (JNCC) to submit a tender for the supply of works or services required under the above project. If interested, you should download and carefully read the documents contained within the zip file.",
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                        "title": "Pobie Bank Reef Still Imagery Analysis 0923S",
                        "description": "Project Aims\nJNCC wishes to commission a contract to undertake the analysis of seabed still imagery collected on the 0923S survey from a drop-frame camera. Seabed imagery will be analysed using the image annotation software BIIGLE. During 0923S imagery data was collected for both MPA monitoring, and ground truthing purposes.\nThe total number of sampled drop camera monitoring stations was 97 and the total number of images after filtering to ensure 40 good quality images per station is 3,880. Analysis of 10 groundtruthing stations with 383 images is to be included as a costed extra only, however the total cost including costed extras must not exceed the stated value of the contract.\nMore detailed metadata will be provided including information from logs and the survey report. Representative images from each station from the 0923S survey are shown in Annex C, and the successful contractor will be provided with access to the 2023 BIIGLE project, the annotated 2023 PBR video imagery and the 2020 PBR seabed imagery to aid with identification.\n3.\tProject Background\nJNCC and Marine Directorate (MD) conducted a survey aboard MRV Scotia (0923S) in 2023 to gather evidence to monitor Pobie Bank Reef SAC (PBR) (Figure 1) and inform assessment of the extent and condition of the designated features of the site. This is the second monitoring survey in a repeat timeseries at PBR, three years after the first survey in 2020, and aims to generate comparable results to make long-term conclusions about the condition of the site.\nPBR is located in the North Sea approximately 20 km east of the Shetland Islands. The site has an area of 966 km2 and a depth ranging of 70 m to 100 m. The designated features of PBR are listed in Table 1.  More information on PBR can be found in the JNCC SIC https://jncc.gov.uk/our-work/pobie-bank-reef-mpa/.\nTable 1: Designated features of Pobie Bank Reef SAC.\nFeature\tFeature Type\n1170 Reefs\nAnnex I Habitat\n•\tProduce a final analysis report including, at a minimum, sections detailing the methodology, results , and details of all QA work undertaken with any remedial action deemed necessary. The report should be no longer than 15,000 words including all tables and appendices and be provided electronically via email as a Microsoft Word document and PDF.\n•\tProvide substrate and taxonomic image reference collections for each substrate type and taxon identified from imagery.\n•\t(Costed extra) Undertake the analysis as set out for the monitoring stations for an additional 383 still images from the 10 groundtruthing stations.\n•\t(Costed extra) Create a subset of 100 still images annotated in a way suitable to act as training data for artificial intelligence model training as described below\nSome information, where specified, may be recorded directly into the proformas provided. The majority will be recorded first into BIIGLE and then used to populate the proforma. No analysis additional to what is described in this document is required. Any deviation from this methodology should be approved in writing by the project officer.\n4.1 Stills Processing\nStills should be analysed in BIIGLE using the label trees shown in Table 2. Annotations should be added to stills as either tier 1 or tier 2 labels depending on the label tree used. Optionally tier 1 labels may be added directly into the proforma instead of being applied to still images, where this is done it must be consistent (i.e. there should not be a mixture of BIIGLE annotations and proforma entries for JNCC image quality). More details on the still annotation types and how they should be applied are provided in Appendix A.\nStills will be analysed to extract the following information:\n1.\tEach still will be assigned an Image quality using labels from two label trees. If a still image is given a score of zero (NMBAQC equivalent), no further analysis should be carried out for that image and the contractor should alert JNCC to replace the image with one of suitable quality:\na.\tJNCC image quality, a summary of these labels is shown in Table 3.\nb.\tNMBAQC image quality, a summary of these scores is shown in Table 4 and described in more detail in section 3.1 of Turner et al (2016).\n2.\tAnnotate each still using the Biota  label tree. This tree is pre-populated with a list of taxa identified in 2020 and new species should be added. For each still image, taxa should be identified and quantified  using the standardised approach  detailed in Appendix B. Where a previously unidentified taxon is observed, the following approaches should be used:\na.\tSolitary and/or erect epifaunal species present (to the lowest taxonomic level for which identification can be guaranteed) using counts (achieved by using the point annotation tool within BIIGLE).\nb.\tColonial and/or encrusting epifaunal species present as far as possible (to the lowest taxonomic level for which identification can be guaranteed) using percentage cover (achieved by using the polygon, magic wand, magic SAM or brush tools within BIIGLE).\nc.\tSpecial cases, such as where a taxon is present in high densities (i.e. Ophiothrix fragilis, Caryophyllia smithii, faunal turf), may be recorded directly into the tier 1 spreadsheet as an estimate of count, or estimate of percentage cover to the nearest 0.5%. These cases are identified in Appendix B.\n3.\tUse laser points label tree to annotate lasers and calculate image area in BIIGLE. Analysts are not to use the automated laser detection tool in BIIGLE.\n4.\tIdentify evidence of anthropogenic impacts on the seabed:\na.\tUse the litter label tree to record the presence of litter using the categories listed in Annex 5.1 of the Joint Research Centres Guidance on Monitoring of Marine Litter in European Seas .\nb.\tUse the Anthropogenic label tree to annotate trawl marks or anthropogenic impacts other than litter. This will not be a complete label tree and new labels may need to be added to the label tree.\n5.\tUse the substrate label tree to record the substrate types present to the nearest 0.5 percent directly to the proforma\na.\t10 x 10 superimposed grids should be used to aid estimates of percentage cover\n6.\tAny comments from the analyst which are considered of importance can be recorded in the spreadsheet\nA reference collection of representative images must be provided for each Biota label and Substrate identified.\nTable 3. JNCC image quality categories\n•\tImagery quality level\t•\tDescription\n•\tFauna\t•\tMost fauna can be identified (e.g. including smaller taxa such as brittlestars etc.)\n•\tConspicuous fauna\t•\tLarge and conspicuous fauna can be identified (e.g. sponges, soft corals etc.)\n•\tSubstrate\t•\tThe substrate type can be identified, but the fauna cannot (e.g. the water column is obscured / the camera is too high off the seabed)\n•\tZero\t•\tNo visibility of the seabed, substrate cannot be reliably identified.\n4.2\tQuality Assurance\nFollowing award of the contract, and dependent on the evaluation scores they achieve, unsuccessful bidders may be invited to undertake the independent external QA aspects of this project. Please indicate in your tender if you do not wish to be considered for this work.\nNote external QA analysis may be undertaken at same time as primary analysis if preferred by successful contractor and suitable process is agreed with JNCC at start-up meeting.\n4.2.1 Internal Quality Assurance process for image analysis\nA minimum of 10% of still images analysed are to be subject to an internal QA process.\n4.2.2 External Quality Assurance process for image analysis\nA separate contract will be run by JNCC for the external QA process. It will be conducted as described in this section.\n10% of still images analysed are to be subject to an independent external QA process.\nThe following steps will be adhered to:\n•\tStill images to be quality assured will be selected by JNCC;\n•\tThe auditing analysts receive the imagery data from JNCC;\n•\tThe auditing analysts complete the still image analysis for selected images as described in section 4.1 and complete the auditing analyst section of the comparison proforma;\n•\tThe comparison proforma is sent to JNCC and original analysts;\n•\tThe original analysts fully complete the partially filled JNCC image analysis comparison proforma;\n•\tJNCC, the original and the auditing analysts meet to resolve any discrepancies in taxa identification and enumeration to the satisfaction of all parties.\nAny remedial action required following the QA process must be completed by the original analysts within an agreed timeframe at no extra cost to the project.\nIt is the responsibility of the successful contractor to ensure this process is completed before the final delivery of the dataset. All remedial action taken, and associated rationale, are to be agreed with JNCC before being implemented, recorded and provided as outputs of this contract.  All remedial action taken and associated rationale are to be recorded and provided as outputs of this contract. The contract shall not be deemed complete until this external Quality Assurance step has been completed successfully.",
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                        "title": "Pobie Bank Reef Still Imagery Analysis 0923S",
                        "description": "Project Aims\nJNCC wishes to commission a contract to undertake the analysis of seabed still imagery collected on the 0923S survey from a drop-frame camera. Seabed imagery will be analysed using the image annotation software BIIGLE. During 0923S imagery data was collected for both MPA monitoring, and ground truthing purposes.\nThe total number of sampled drop camera monitoring stations was 97 and the total number of images after filtering to ensure 40 good quality images per station is 3,880. Analysis of 10 groundtruthing stations with 383 images is to be included as a costed extra only, however the total cost including costed extras must not exceed the stated value of the contract.\nMore detailed metadata will be provided including information from logs and the survey report. Representative images from each station from the 0923S survey are shown in Annex C, and the successful contractor will be provided with access to the 2023 BIIGLE project, the annotated 2023 PBR video imagery and the 2020 PBR seabed imagery to aid with identification.\n3.\tProject Background\nJNCC and Marine Directorate (MD) conducted a survey aboard MRV Scotia (0923S) in 2023 to gather evidence to monitor Pobie Bank Reef SAC (PBR) (Figure 1) and inform assessment of the extent and condition of the designated features of the site. This is the second monitoring survey in a repeat timeseries at PBR, three years after the first survey in 2020, and aims to generate comparable results to make long-term conclusions about the condition of the site.\nPBR is located in the North Sea approximately 20 km east of the Shetland Islands. The site has an area of 966 km2 and a depth ranging of 70 m to 100 m. The designated features of PBR are listed in Table 1.  More information on PBR can be found in the JNCC SIC https://jncc.gov.uk/our-work/pobie-bank-reef-mpa/.\nTable 1: Designated features of Pobie Bank Reef SAC.\nFeature\tFeature Type\n1170 Reefs\nAnnex I Habitat\n•\tProduce a final analysis report including, at a minimum, sections detailing the methodology, results , and details of all QA work undertaken with any remedial action deemed necessary. The report should be no longer than 15,000 words including all tables and appendices and be provided electronically via email as a Microsoft Word document and PDF.\n•\tProvide substrate and taxonomic image reference collections for each substrate type and taxon identified from imagery.\n•\t(Costed extra) Undertake the analysis as set out for the monitoring stations for an additional 383 still images from the 10 groundtruthing stations.\n•\t(Costed extra) Create a subset of 100 still images annotated in a way suitable to act as training data for artificial intelligence model training as described below\nSome information, where specified, may be recorded directly into the proformas provided. The majority will be recorded first into BIIGLE and then used to populate the proforma. No analysis additional to what is described in this document is required. Any deviation from this methodology should be approved in writing by the project officer.\n4.1 Stills Processing\nStills should be analysed in BIIGLE using the label trees shown in Table 2. Annotations should be added to stills as either tier 1 or tier 2 labels depending on the label tree used. Optionally tier 1 labels may be added directly into the proforma instead of being applied to still images, where this is done it must be consistent (i.e. there should not be a mixture of BIIGLE annotations and proforma entries for JNCC image quality). More details on the still annotation types and how they should be applied are provided in Appendix A.\nStills will be analysed to extract the following information:\n1.\tEach still will be assigned an Image quality using labels from two label trees. If a still image is given a score of zero (NMBAQC equivalent), no further analysis should be carried out for that image and the contractor should alert JNCC to replace the image with one of suitable quality:\na.\tJNCC image quality, a summary of these labels is shown in Table 3.\nb.\tNMBAQC image quality, a summary of these scores is shown in Table 4 and described in more detail in section 3.1 of Turner et al (2016).\n2.\tAnnotate each still using the Biota  label tree. This tree is pre-populated with a list of taxa identified in 2020 and new species should be added. For each still image, taxa should be identified and quantified  using the standardised approach  detailed in Appendix B. Where a previously unidentified taxon is observed, the following approaches should be used:\na.\tSolitary and/or erect epifaunal species present (to the lowest taxonomic level for which identification can be guaranteed) using counts (achieved by using the point annotation tool within BIIGLE).\nb.\tColonial and/or encrusting epifaunal species present as far as possible (to the lowest taxonomic level for which identification can be guaranteed) using percentage cover (achieved by using the polygon, magic wand, magic SAM or brush tools within BIIGLE).\nc.\tSpecial cases, such as where a taxon is present in high densities (i.e. Ophiothrix fragilis, Caryophyllia smithii, faunal turf), may be recorded directly into the tier 1 spreadsheet as an estimate of count, or estimate of percentage cover to the nearest 0.5%. These cases are identified in Appendix B.\n3.\tUse laser points label tree to annotate lasers and calculate image area in BIIGLE. Analysts are not to use the automated laser detection tool in BIIGLE.\n4.\tIdentify evidence of anthropogenic impacts on the seabed:\na.\tUse the litter label tree to record the presence of litter using the categories listed in Annex 5.1 of the Joint Research Centres Guidance on Monitoring of Marine Litter in European Seas .\nb.\tUse the Anthropogenic label tree to annotate trawl marks or anthropogenic impacts other than litter. This will not be a complete label tree and new labels may need to be added to the label tree.\n5.\tUse the substrate label tree to record the substrate types present to the nearest 0.5 percent directly to the proforma\na.\t10 x 10 superimposed grids should be used to aid estimates of percentage cover\n6.\tAny comments from the analyst which are considered of importance can be recorded in the spreadsheet\nA reference collection of representative images must be provided for each Biota label and Substrate identified.\nTable 3. JNCC image quality categories\n•\tImagery quality level\t•\tDescription\n•\tFauna\t•\tMost fauna can be identified (e.g. including smaller taxa such as brittlestars etc.)\n•\tConspicuous fauna\t•\tLarge and conspicuous fauna can be identified (e.g. sponges, soft corals etc.)\n•\tSubstrate\t•\tThe substrate type can be identified, but the fauna cannot (e.g. the water column is obscured / the camera is too high off the seabed)\n•\tZero\t•\tNo visibility of the seabed, substrate cannot be reliably identified.\n4.2\tQuality Assurance\nFollowing award of the contract, and dependent on the evaluation scores they achieve, unsuccessful bidders may be invited to undertake the independent external QA aspects of this project. Please indicate in your tender if you do not wish to be considered for this work.\nNote external QA analysis may be undertaken at same time as primary analysis if preferred by successful contractor and suitable process is agreed with JNCC at start-up meeting.\n4.2.1 Internal Quality Assurance process for image analysis\nA minimum of 10% of still images analysed are to be subject to an internal QA process.\n4.2.2 External Quality Assurance process for image analysis\nA separate contract will be run by JNCC for the external QA process. It will be conducted as described in this section.\n10% of still images analysed are to be subject to an independent external QA process.\nThe following steps will be adhered to:\n•\tStill images to be quality assured will be selected by JNCC;\n•\tThe auditing analysts receive the imagery data from JNCC;\n•\tThe auditing analysts complete the still image analysis for selected images as described in section 4.1 and complete the auditing analyst section of the comparison proforma;\n•\tThe comparison proforma is sent to JNCC and original analysts;\n•\tThe original analysts fully complete the partially filled JNCC image analysis comparison proforma;\n•\tJNCC, the original and the auditing analysts meet to resolve any discrepancies in taxa identification and enumeration to the satisfaction of all parties.\nAny remedial action required following the QA process must be completed by the original analysts within an agreed timeframe at no extra cost to the project.\nIt is the responsibility of the successful contractor to ensure this process is completed before the final delivery of the dataset. All remedial action taken, and associated rationale, are to be agreed with JNCC before being implemented, recorded and provided as outputs of this contract.  All remedial action taken and associated rationale are to be recorded and provided as outputs of this contract. The contract shall not be deemed complete until this external Quality Assurance step has been completed successfully.",
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                        "title": "Use of EO data to calculate severe weather thresholds",
                        "description": "Project Aims\nThe overarching aim of this project is to develop an improved approach for using Earth Observation (EO) or other publicly accessible data to demonstrate whether ground at a specific location is frozen or has snow cover, with a reasonable level of accuracy and consistency.\nTo achieve this the project will need to explore data available, issues regarding its use for this purpose, and comparative results from trialling different approaches. 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Criteria as to what severity of freezing weather should trigger voluntary restraint or a statutory suspension was originally agreed by a working group comprised of ornithological and data experts from the British government's nature conservation advisory body, and non-governmental organisations representing shooting and conservation interest. The agreed criteria relied on manual daily checks at a selection of weather stations as to whether ground was frozen or covered in snow. In 2001, with increasing automation of weather stations, the manual checks were replaced with automated temperature threshold readouts of grass and air temperature, as a proxy to indicate frozen or snow covered ground. For many years the SWS has operated using these data provided by the Met Office, but the Met Office are now stopping the provision of these data, so an alternative approach is required. \nJNCC has done some preliminary light touch investigation of the feasibility of using data from Earth Observation (EO) and other sources as an alternative to data collected in situ by a network of Met Office ground weather stations. JNCC has piloted use of EU METOSAT Land Surface Temperature (LST) data in combination with Met Office forecast air temperature, but has noticed accuracy and consistency issues in the approach trialled. JNCC's initial investigations will be provided to the successful contractor to consider and inform their review and further investigation. \nSpecific details of the criteria currently used in the SWS are available on the JNCC website. In essence, the SWS may trigger a shooting suspension - either voluntary or statutory - based on whether more than half of a network of weather stations in England/Wales (considered as a single unit) and/or Scotland report 'frozen' conditions (i.e. grass temperature below -2°C and air temperature below 1°C) for a set number of consecutive days or more, allowing for some short periods of thaw in between.\nKnowledge and experience of EO datasets and data processing is essential for this contract. Ornithological expertise is less important, noting that we are not proposing changing the core criteria of what would trigger action, merely focussed on investigating alternative options for how we judge if the criteria have been met.  JNCC can provide the limited ornithological input that may be relevant to consider, for example on the optimal geographic locations to consider to replace the existing weather station network.    \nThe total budget available for this project including VAT is £25,000.   \nProject Objectives\nObjective 1 - Reviewing data sources\nTo review data sources that are available to meet the project aim. \nThe data sources must have the following features: \n•\tEffective in assessing ground state: Currently the scheme uses data for both air temperature and grass/ground temperature as a proxy for frozen or snow covered ground to achieve this robust assessment. Data sources may replace this information or include other relevant metrics.\n•\tLow cost: The data sources must be easily obtainable at low cost or free at point of access.  \n•\tTimeliness: Data relating to the state of the ground that morning or over the course of the previous night should ideally be available before 10:00 each day to facilitate timely decision-making. The current scheme requires continuous recordings of night-time temperatures specifically between 21:00 each night to 09:00 the following morning.\n•\tLocation: The scheme must provide localised data covering England, Wales and Scotland. The existing SWS uses point locations at a network of Met Office weather stations currently used in the scheme, but there is flexibility around this going forwards. For example, it may be that use of average temperate over a wider area surrounding each weather station is more appropriate to use when using EO data. In addition, polygons of relevance could be selected on the basis of bird density or shooting pressure as opposed to being focussed around the existing weather stations included in the scheme. The successful bidder should discuss this aspect with JNCC who can provide ornithological guidance.\n•\tTransparent: Since the outcomes from this scheme may influence legislative action, it is important that the data it is based on is from a trusted/transparent source and open to scrutiny. Ideally the data would be in the public domain, or at least available to the public at low cost. \n•\tArchival capability: Data must be archived for reference.\nWe note, that JNCC have considered the option of setting up a new manual scheme using volunteers or contractors to take manual ground state observations daily through the season, but has ruled this out due to issues such as the cost and risk of data disruption (e.g. if volunteers were ill).       \nObjective 2 - Trialling and evaluating approaches  \nTo trial use of the most promising data source(s) and evaluate how effective they are at assessing the state of the ground, and how similar the outcomes for the SWS would be. Data from the current scheme is available for use in back casting comparisons. \nThe ultimate intention is for the method to be run as a service to routinely monitor whether severe weather measures should be implemented. 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                    "description": "Project Aims\nThe overarching aim of this project is to develop an improved approach for using Earth Observation (EO) or other publicly accessible data to demonstrate whether ground at a specific location is frozen or has snow cover, with a reasonable level of accuracy and consistency.\nTo achieve this the project will need to explore data available, issues regarding its use for this purpose, and comparative results from trialling different approaches. A secondary aim of this project is to provide JNCC with confidence that the proposed method is effective, and equipping JNCC with evidence that outcomes resulting from use of the approach are robust to stand up to potential challenge.  \nProject Background\nJNCC runs the 'Severe Weather Scheme' (SWS), to provide a trusted mechanism to advise on the restriction of shooting of wildfowl and waders for conservation purposes during extended periods of severe weather, specifically when ground is frozen or snow covered. During such periods birds are naturally more vulnerable as it is harder for them to feed, whilst at the same time their energy requirements for survival are high. JNCC runs the scheme in collaboration and consultation with the country nature conservation bodies, environmental NGOs and shooting organisations. Information from the scheme is used to inform the Secretary of State, who has the power to impose a statutory suspension of shooting activities in all or part of GB under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 Section 2(6).\nThe Severe Weather Scheme monitors temperatures annually to determine if a suspension of shooting activities is advised. The scheme runs during the open season for shooting any of the relevant species, i.e. the period from 7th November to 20th February. In addition to providing information to inform statutory suspensions of shooting, the scheme also advises wildfowlers on 'voluntary restraint of shooting' and wider guidance on activities that could disturb birds such as watersports and dog walking. \nThe SWS has been running since the early 1980s. Criteria as to what severity of freezing weather should trigger voluntary restraint or a statutory suspension was originally agreed by a working group comprised of ornithological and data experts from the British government's nature conservation advisory body, and non-governmental organisations representing shooting and conservation interest. The agreed criteria relied on manual daily checks at a selection of weather stations as to whether ground was frozen or covered in snow. In 2001, with increasing automation of weather stations, the manual checks were replaced with automated temperature threshold readouts of grass and air temperature, as a proxy to indicate frozen or snow covered ground. For many years the SWS has operated using these data provided by the Met Office, but the Met Office are now stopping the provision of these data, so an alternative approach is required. \nJNCC has done some preliminary light touch investigation of the feasibility of using data from Earth Observation (EO) and other sources as an alternative to data collected in situ by a network of Met Office ground weather stations. JNCC has piloted use of EU METOSAT Land Surface Temperature (LST) data in combination with Met Office forecast air temperature, but has noticed accuracy and consistency issues in the approach trialled. JNCC's initial investigations will be provided to the successful contractor to consider and inform their review and further investigation. \nSpecific details of the criteria currently used in the SWS are available on the JNCC website. In essence, the SWS may trigger a shooting suspension - either voluntary or statutory - based on whether more than half of a network of weather stations in England/Wales (considered as a single unit) and/or Scotland report 'frozen' conditions (i.e. grass temperature below -2°C and air temperature below 1°C) for a set number of consecutive days or more, allowing for some short periods of thaw in between.\nKnowledge and experience of EO datasets and data processing is essential for this contract. Ornithological expertise is less important, noting that we are not proposing changing the core criteria of what would trigger action, merely focussed on investigating alternative options for how we judge if the criteria have been met.  JNCC can provide the limited ornithological input that may be relevant to consider, for example on the optimal geographic locations to consider to replace the existing weather station network.    \nThe total budget available for this project including VAT is £25,000.   \nProject Objectives\nObjective 1 - Reviewing data sources\nTo review data sources that are available to meet the project aim. \nThe data sources must have the following features: \n•\tEffective in assessing ground state: Currently the scheme uses data for both air temperature and grass/ground temperature as a proxy for frozen or snow covered ground to achieve this robust assessment. Data sources may replace this information or include other relevant metrics.\n•\tLow cost: The data sources must be easily obtainable at low cost or free at point of access.  \n•\tTimeliness: Data relating to the state of the ground that morning or over the course of the previous night should ideally be available before 10:00 each day to facilitate timely decision-making. The current scheme requires continuous recordings of night-time temperatures specifically between 21:00 each night to 09:00 the following morning.\n•\tLocation: The scheme must provide localised data covering England, Wales and Scotland. The existing SWS uses point locations at a network of Met Office weather stations currently used in the scheme, but there is flexibility around this going forwards. For example, it may be that use of average temperate over a wider area surrounding each weather station is more appropriate to use when using EO data. In addition, polygons of relevance could be selected on the basis of bird density or shooting pressure as opposed to being focussed around the existing weather stations included in the scheme. The successful bidder should discuss this aspect with JNCC who can provide ornithological guidance.\n•\tTransparent: Since the outcomes from this scheme may influence legislative action, it is important that the data it is based on is from a trusted/transparent source and open to scrutiny. Ideally the data would be in the public domain, or at least available to the public at low cost. \n•\tArchival capability: Data must be archived for reference.\nWe note, that JNCC have considered the option of setting up a new manual scheme using volunteers or contractors to take manual ground state observations daily through the season, but has ruled this out due to issues such as the cost and risk of data disruption (e.g. if volunteers were ill).       \nObjective 2 - Trialling and evaluating approaches  \nTo trial use of the most promising data source(s) and evaluate how effective they are at assessing the state of the ground, and how similar the outcomes for the SWS would be. Data from the current scheme is available for use in back casting comparisons. \nThe ultimate intention is for the method to be run as a service to routinely monitor whether severe weather measures should be implemented. 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It would also be welcomed if the contractor could draw on their own expert EO knowledge.\nWhere possible, the review methodology should align with the 'quick scoping review' and/or 'rapid evidence review' guidance provided at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-production-of-quick-scoping-reviews-and-rapid-evidence-assessments\nThe list of papers and data sources screened, included/excluded, and any relevant raw notes relating to each paper reviewed should be shared as an output. In addition, findings should be written up into a short summary that could be included within a technical report at a later date if required.\nObjective 2 detailed tasks:\nThe contractor must carry out trials using data to evaluate the effectiveness of the most promising approach(s). The number of approaches to consider should be informed by the outcome of the literature review and the contractors expert opinion of the approaches that are most likely to be successful. 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                            "value": "Project Aims\nJNCC wishes to commission a contract to undertake the analysis of seabed still imagery collected on the 0923S survey from a drop-frame camera. Seabed imagery will be analysed using the image annotation software BIIGLE. During 0923S imagery data was collected for both MPA monitoring, and ground truthing purposes. \nThe total number of sampled drop camera monitoring stations was 97 and the total number of images after filtering to ensure 40 good quality images per station is 3,880. Analysis of 10 groundtruthing stations with 383 images is to be included as a costed extra only, however the total cost including costed extras must not exceed the stated value of the contract.\nMore detailed metadata will be provided including information from logs and the survey report. Representative images from each station from the 0923S survey are shown in Annex C, and the successful contractor will be provided with access to the 2023 BIIGLE project, the annotated 2023 PBR video imagery and the 2020 PBR seabed imagery to aid with identification.\n3.\tProject Background\nJNCC and Marine Directorate (MD) conducted a survey aboard MRV Scotia (0923S) in 2023 to gather evidence to monitor Pobie Bank Reef SAC (PBR) (Figure 1) and inform assessment of the extent and condition of the designated features of the site. This is the second monitoring survey in a repeat timeseries at PBR, three years after the first survey in 2020, and aims to generate comparable results to make long-term conclusions about the condition of the site.\nPBR is located in the North Sea approximately 20 km east of the Shetland Islands. The site has an area of 966 km2 and a depth ranging of 70 m to 100 m. The designated features of PBR are listed in Table 1.  More information on PBR can be found in the JNCC SIC https://jncc.gov.uk/our-work/pobie-bank-reef-mpa/.\nTable 1: Designated features of Pobie Bank Reef SAC.\nFeature\tFeature Type\n1170 Reefs\nAnnex I Habitat\n•\tProduce a final analysis report including, at a minimum, sections detailing the methodology, results , and details of all QA work undertaken with any remedial action deemed necessary. The report should be no longer than 15,000 words including all tables and appendices and be provided electronically via email as a Microsoft Word document and PDF.\n•\tProvide substrate and taxonomic image reference collections for each substrate type and taxon identified from imagery.\n•\t(Costed extra) Undertake the analysis as set out for the monitoring stations for an additional 383 still images from the 10 groundtruthing stations.\n•\t(Costed extra) Create a subset of 100 still images annotated in a way suitable to act as training data for artificial intelligence model training as described below\nSome information, where specified, may be recorded directly into the proformas provided. The majority will be recorded first into BIIGLE and then used to populate the proforma. No analysis additional to what is described in this document is required. Any deviation from this methodology should be approved in writing by the project officer.\n4.1 Stills Processing\nStills should be analysed in BIIGLE using the label trees shown in Table 2. Annotations should be added to stills as either tier 1 or tier 2 labels depending on the label tree used. Optionally tier 1 labels may be added directly into the proforma instead of being applied to still images, where this is done it must be consistent (i.e. there should not be a mixture of BIIGLE annotations and proforma entries for JNCC image quality). More details on the still annotation types and how they should be applied are provided in Appendix A.\nStills will be analysed to extract the following information:\n1.\tEach still will be assigned an Image quality using labels from two label trees. If a still image is given a score of zero (NMBAQC equivalent), no further analysis should be carried out for that image and the contractor should alert JNCC to replace the image with one of suitable quality:\na.\tJNCC image quality, a summary of these labels is shown in Table 3.\nb.\tNMBAQC image quality, a summary of these scores is shown in Table 4 and described in more detail in section 3.1 of Turner et al (2016).\n2.\tAnnotate each still using the Biota  label tree. This tree is pre-populated with a list of taxa identified in 2020 and new species should be added. For each still image, taxa should be identified and quantified  using the standardised approach  detailed in Appendix B. Where a previously unidentified taxon is observed, the following approaches should be used:\na.\tSolitary and/or erect epifaunal species present (to the lowest taxonomic level for which identification can be guaranteed) using counts (achieved by using the point annotation tool within BIIGLE).\nb.\tColonial and/or encrusting epifaunal species present as far as possible (to the lowest taxonomic level for which identification can be guaranteed) using percentage cover (achieved by using the polygon, magic wand, magic SAM or brush tools within BIIGLE).\nc.\tSpecial cases, such as where a taxon is present in high densities (i.e. Ophiothrix fragilis, Caryophyllia smithii, faunal turf), may be recorded directly into the tier 1 spreadsheet as an estimate of count, or estimate of percentage cover to the nearest 0.5%. These cases are identified in Appendix B.\n3.\tUse laser points label tree to annotate lasers and calculate image area in BIIGLE. Analysts are not to use the automated laser detection tool in BIIGLE.\n4.\tIdentify evidence of anthropogenic impacts on the seabed: \na.\tUse the litter label tree to record the presence of litter using the categories listed in Annex 5.1 of the Joint Research Centres Guidance on Monitoring of Marine Litter in European Seas .\nb.\tUse the Anthropogenic label tree to annotate trawl marks or anthropogenic impacts other than litter. This will not be a complete label tree and new labels may need to be added to the label tree.\n5.\tUse the substrate label tree to record the substrate types present to the nearest 0.5 percent directly to the proforma\na.\t10 x 10 superimposed grids should be used to aid estimates of percentage cover\n6.\tAny comments from the analyst which are considered of importance can be recorded in the spreadsheet\nA reference collection of representative images must be provided for each Biota label and Substrate identified. \nTable 3. JNCC image quality categories\n•\tImagery quality level\t•\tDescription\n•\tFauna\t•\tMost fauna can be identified (e.g. including smaller taxa such as brittlestars etc.)\n•\tConspicuous fauna\t•\tLarge and conspicuous fauna can be identified (e.g. sponges, soft corals etc.)\n•\tSubstrate\t•\tThe substrate type can be identified, but the fauna cannot (e.g. the water column is obscured / the camera is too high off the seabed)\n•\tZero\t•\tNo visibility of the seabed, substrate cannot be reliably identified. \n4.2\tQuality Assurance\nFollowing award of the contract, and dependent on the evaluation scores they achieve, unsuccessful bidders may be invited to undertake the independent external QA aspects of this project. Please indicate in your tender if you do not wish to be considered for this work.    \nNote external QA analysis may be undertaken at same time as primary analysis if preferred by successful contractor and suitable process is agreed with JNCC at start-up meeting.\n4.2.1 Internal Quality Assurance process for image analysis\nA minimum of 10% of still images analysed are to be subject to an internal QA process.\n4.2.2 External Quality Assurance process for image analysis\nA separate contract will be run by JNCC for the external QA process. It will be conducted as described in this section.\n10% of still images analysed are to be subject to an independent external QA process.\nThe following steps will be adhered to:\n•\tStill images to be quality assured will be selected by JNCC; \n•\tThe auditing analysts receive the imagery data from JNCC;\n•\tThe auditing analysts complete the still image analysis for selected images as described in section 4.1 and complete the auditing analyst section of the comparison proforma;\n•\tThe comparison proforma is sent to JNCC and original analysts;\n•\tThe original analysts fully complete the partially filled JNCC image analysis comparison proforma; \n•\tJNCC, the original and the auditing analysts meet to resolve any discrepancies in taxa identification and enumeration to the satisfaction of all parties.\nAny remedial action required following the QA process must be completed by the original analysts within an agreed timeframe at no extra cost to the project.  \nIt is the responsibility of the successful contractor to ensure this process is completed before the final delivery of the dataset. All remedial action taken, and associated rationale, are to be agreed with JNCC before being implemented, recorded and provided as outputs of this contract.  All remedial action taken and associated rationale are to be recorded and provided as outputs of this contract. The contract shall not be deemed complete until this external Quality Assurance step has been completed successfully."
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Representative images from each station from the 0923S survey are shown in Annex C, and the successful contractor will be provided with access to the 2023 BIIGLE project, the annotated 2023 PBR video imagery and the 2020 PBR seabed imagery to aid with identification.\n3.\tProject Background\nJNCC and Marine Directorate (MD) conducted a survey aboard MRV Scotia (0923S) in 2023 to gather evidence to monitor Pobie Bank Reef SAC (PBR) (Figure 1) and inform assessment of the extent and condition of the designated features of the site. This is the second monitoring survey in a repeat timeseries at PBR, three years after the first survey in 2020, and aims to generate comparable results to make long-term conclusions about the condition of the site.\nPBR is located in the North Sea approximately 20 km east of the Shetland Islands. The site has an area of 966 km2 and a depth ranging of 70 m to 100 m. The designated features of PBR are listed in Table 1.  More information on PBR can be found in the JNCC SIC https://jncc.gov.uk/our-work/pobie-bank-reef-mpa/.\nTable 1: Designated features of Pobie Bank Reef SAC.\nFeature\tFeature Type\n1170 Reefs\nAnnex I Habitat\n•\tProduce a final analysis report including, at a minimum, sections detailing the methodology, results , and details of all QA work undertaken with any remedial action deemed necessary. The report should be no longer than 15,000 words including all tables and appendices and be provided electronically via email as a Microsoft Word document and PDF.\n•\tProvide substrate and taxonomic image reference collections for each substrate type and taxon identified from imagery.\n•\t(Costed extra) Undertake the analysis as set out for the monitoring stations for an additional 383 still images from the 10 groundtruthing stations.\n•\t(Costed extra) Create a subset of 100 still images annotated in a way suitable to act as training data for artificial intelligence model training as described below\nSome information, where specified, may be recorded directly into the proformas provided. The majority will be recorded first into BIIGLE and then used to populate the proforma. No analysis additional to what is described in this document is required. Any deviation from this methodology should be approved in writing by the project officer.\n4.1 Stills Processing\nStills should be analysed in BIIGLE using the label trees shown in Table 2. Annotations should be added to stills as either tier 1 or tier 2 labels depending on the label tree used. Optionally tier 1 labels may be added directly into the proforma instead of being applied to still images, where this is done it must be consistent (i.e. there should not be a mixture of BIIGLE annotations and proforma entries for JNCC image quality). More details on the still annotation types and how they should be applied are provided in Appendix A.\nStills will be analysed to extract the following information:\n1.\tEach still will be assigned an Image quality using labels from two label trees. If a still image is given a score of zero (NMBAQC equivalent), no further analysis should be carried out for that image and the contractor should alert JNCC to replace the image with one of suitable quality:\na.\tJNCC image quality, a summary of these labels is shown in Table 3.\nb.\tNMBAQC image quality, a summary of these scores is shown in Table 4 and described in more detail in section 3.1 of Turner et al (2016).\n2.\tAnnotate each still using the Biota  label tree. This tree is pre-populated with a list of taxa identified in 2020 and new species should be added. For each still image, taxa should be identified and quantified  using the standardised approach  detailed in Appendix B. Where a previously unidentified taxon is observed, the following approaches should be used:\na.\tSolitary and/or erect epifaunal species present (to the lowest taxonomic level for which identification can be guaranteed) using counts (achieved by using the point annotation tool within BIIGLE).\nb.\tColonial and/or encrusting epifaunal species present as far as possible (to the lowest taxonomic level for which identification can be guaranteed) using percentage cover (achieved by using the polygon, magic wand, magic SAM or brush tools within BIIGLE).\nc.\tSpecial cases, such as where a taxon is present in high densities (i.e. Ophiothrix fragilis, Caryophyllia smithii, faunal turf), may be recorded directly into the tier 1 spreadsheet as an estimate of count, or estimate of percentage cover to the nearest 0.5%. These cases are identified in Appendix B.\n3.\tUse laser points label tree to annotate lasers and calculate image area in BIIGLE. Analysts are not to use the automated laser detection tool in BIIGLE.\n4.\tIdentify evidence of anthropogenic impacts on the seabed:\na.\tUse the litter label tree to record the presence of litter using the categories listed in Annex 5.1 of the Joint Research Centres Guidance on Monitoring of Marine Litter in European Seas .\nb.\tUse the Anthropogenic label tree to annotate trawl marks or anthropogenic impacts other than litter. This will not be a complete label tree and new labels may need to be added to the label tree.\n5.\tUse the substrate label tree to record the substrate types present to the nearest 0.5 percent directly to the proforma\na.\t10 x 10 superimposed grids should be used to aid estimates of percentage cover\n6.\tAny comments from the analyst which are considered of importance can be recorded in the spreadsheet\nA reference collection of representative images must be provided for each Biota label and Substrate identified.\nTable 3. JNCC image quality categories\n•\tImagery quality level\t•\tDescription\n•\tFauna\t•\tMost fauna can be identified (e.g. including smaller taxa such as brittlestars etc.)\n•\tConspicuous fauna\t•\tLarge and conspicuous fauna can be identified (e.g. sponges, soft corals etc.)\n•\tSubstrate\t•\tThe substrate type can be identified, but the fauna cannot (e.g. the water column is obscured / the camera is too high off the seabed)\n•\tZero\t•\tNo visibility of the seabed, substrate cannot be reliably identified.\n4.2\tQuality Assurance\nFollowing award of the contract, and dependent on the evaluation scores they achieve, unsuccessful bidders may be invited to undertake the independent external QA aspects of this project. Please indicate in your tender if you do not wish to be considered for this work.\nNote external QA analysis may be undertaken at same time as primary analysis if preferred by successful contractor and suitable process is agreed with JNCC at start-up meeting.\n4.2.1 Internal Quality Assurance process for image analysis\nA minimum of 10% of still images analysed are to be subject to an internal QA process.\n4.2.2 External Quality Assurance process for image analysis\nA separate contract will be run by JNCC for the external QA process. It will be conducted as described in this section.\n10% of still images analysed are to be subject to an independent external QA process.\nThe following steps will be adhered to:\n•\tStill images to be quality assured will be selected by JNCC;\n•\tThe auditing analysts receive the imagery data from JNCC;\n•\tThe auditing analysts complete the still image analysis for selected images as described in section 4.1 and complete the auditing analyst section of the comparison proforma;\n•\tThe comparison proforma is sent to JNCC and original analysts;\n•\tThe original analysts fully complete the partially filled JNCC image analysis comparison proforma;\n•\tJNCC, the original and the auditing analysts meet to resolve any discrepancies in taxa identification and enumeration to the satisfaction of all parties.\nAny remedial action required following the QA process must be completed by the original analysts within an agreed timeframe at no extra cost to the project.\nIt is the responsibility of the successful contractor to ensure this process is completed before the final delivery of the dataset. All remedial action taken, and associated rationale, are to be agreed with JNCC before being implemented, recorded and provided as outputs of this contract.  All remedial action taken and associated rationale are to be recorded and provided as outputs of this contract. The contract shall not be deemed complete until this external Quality Assurance step has been completed successfully."
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A secondary aim of this project is to provide JNCC with confidence that the proposed method is effective, and equipping JNCC with evidence that outcomes resulting from use of the approach are robust to stand up to potential challenge.  \nProject Background\nJNCC runs the 'Severe Weather Scheme' (SWS), to provide a trusted mechanism to advise on the restriction of shooting of wildfowl and waders for conservation purposes during extended periods of severe weather, specifically when ground is frozen or snow covered. During such periods birds are naturally more vulnerable as it is harder for them to feed, whilst at the same time their energy requirements for survival are high. JNCC runs the scheme in collaboration and consultation with the country nature conservation bodies, environmental NGOs and shooting organisations. Information from the scheme is used to inform the Secretary of State, who has the power to impose a statutory suspension of shooting activities in all or part of GB under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 Section 2(6).\nThe Severe Weather Scheme monitors temperatures annually to determine if a suspension of shooting activities is advised. The scheme runs during the open season for shooting any of the relevant species, i.e. the period from 7th November to 20th February. In addition to providing information to inform statutory suspensions of shooting, the scheme also advises wildfowlers on 'voluntary restraint of shooting' and wider guidance on activities that could disturb birds such as watersports and dog walking. \nThe SWS has been running since the early 1980s. Criteria as to what severity of freezing weather should trigger voluntary restraint or a statutory suspension was originally agreed by a working group comprised of ornithological and data experts from the British government's nature conservation advisory body, and non-governmental organisations representing shooting and conservation interest. The agreed criteria relied on manual daily checks at a selection of weather stations as to whether ground was frozen or covered in snow. In 2001, with increasing automation of weather stations, the manual checks were replaced with automated temperature threshold readouts of grass and air temperature, as a proxy to indicate frozen or snow covered ground. For many years the SWS has operated using these data provided by the Met Office, but the Met Office are now stopping the provision of these data, so an alternative approach is required. \nJNCC has done some preliminary light touch investigation of the feasibility of using data from Earth Observation (EO) and other sources as an alternative to data collected in situ by a network of Met Office ground weather stations. JNCC has piloted use of EU METOSAT Land Surface Temperature (LST) data in combination with Met Office forecast air temperature, but has noticed accuracy and consistency issues in the approach trialled. JNCC's initial investigations will be provided to the successful contractor to consider and inform their review and further investigation. \nSpecific details of the criteria currently used in the SWS are available on the JNCC website. In essence, the SWS may trigger a shooting suspension - either voluntary or statutory - based on whether more than half of a network of weather stations in England/Wales (considered as a single unit) and/or Scotland report 'frozen' conditions (i.e. grass temperature below -2°C and air temperature below 1°C) for a set number of consecutive days or more, allowing for some short periods of thaw in between.\nKnowledge and experience of EO datasets and data processing is essential for this contract. Ornithological expertise is less important, noting that we are not proposing changing the core criteria of what would trigger action, merely focussed on investigating alternative options for how we judge if the criteria have been met.  JNCC can provide the limited ornithological input that may be relevant to consider, for example on the optimal geographic locations to consider to replace the existing weather station network.    \nThe total budget available for this project including VAT is £25,000.   \nProject Objectives\nObjective 1 - Reviewing data sources\nTo review data sources that are available to meet the project aim. \nThe data sources must have the following features: \n•\tEffective in assessing ground state: Currently the scheme uses data for both air temperature and grass/ground temperature as a proxy for frozen or snow covered ground to achieve this robust assessment. Data sources may replace this information or include other relevant metrics.\n•\tLow cost: The data sources must be easily obtainable at low cost or free at point of access.  \n•\tTimeliness: Data relating to the state of the ground that morning or over the course of the previous night should ideally be available before 10:00 each day to facilitate timely decision-making. The current scheme requires continuous recordings of night-time temperatures specifically between 21:00 each night to 09:00 the following morning.\n•\tLocation: The scheme must provide localised data covering England, Wales and Scotland. The existing SWS uses point locations at a network of Met Office weather stations currently used in the scheme, but there is flexibility around this going forwards. For example, it may be that use of average temperate over a wider area surrounding each weather station is more appropriate to use when using EO data. In addition, polygons of relevance could be selected on the basis of bird density or shooting pressure as opposed to being focussed around the existing weather stations included in the scheme. The successful bidder should discuss this aspect with JNCC who can provide ornithological guidance.\n•\tTransparent: Since the outcomes from this scheme may influence legislative action, it is important that the data it is based on is from a trusted/transparent source and open to scrutiny. Ideally the data would be in the public domain, or at least available to the public at low cost. \n•\tArchival capability: Data must be archived for reference.\nWe note, that JNCC have considered the option of setting up a new manual scheme using volunteers or contractors to take manual ground state observations daily through the season, but has ruled this out due to issues such as the cost and risk of data disruption (e.g. if volunteers were ill).       \nObjective 2 - Trialling and evaluating approaches  \nTo trial use of the most promising data source(s) and evaluate how effective they are at assessing the state of the ground, and how similar the outcomes for the SWS would be. Data from the current scheme is available for use in back casting comparisons. \nThe ultimate intention is for the method to be run as a service to routinely monitor whether severe weather measures should be implemented. Therefore, the evaluation should also consider whether the approach(es) could be reliably be used for this purpose.    \nA recommendation should be provided on the optimal approach for the SWS. \nProject Objectives: Detailed Tasks \nObjective 1 detailed tasks:\nA light touch literate review is required. The search strategy and information to be recorded from each paper or data sources should be proposed to JNCC at the start-up meeting, for input and agreement, before work commences. JNCC will provide the successful bidder with their initial scoping work to build on. It would also be welcomed if the contractor could draw on their own expert EO knowledge.\nWhere possible, the review methodology should align with the 'quick scoping review' and/or 'rapid evidence review' guidance provided at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-production-of-quick-scoping-reviews-and-rapid-evidence-assessments\nThe list of papers and data sources screened, included/excluded, and any relevant raw notes relating to each paper reviewed should be shared as an output. In addition, findings should be written up into a short summary that could be included within a technical report at a later date if required.\nObjective 2 detailed tasks:\nThe contractor must carry out trials using data to evaluate the effectiveness of the most promising approach(s). The number of approaches to consider should be informed by the outcome of the literature review and the contractors expert opinion of the approaches that are most likely to be successful. 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